A third economic measure, proposed by Berndt and Morrison (1981) and Morrison (1985), may be deemed dual because it does not directly compare physical output levels. The third measure, a dual-based concept is defined in terms of the firm’s costs. The primal economic capacity utilization measures capture the output gap that exists when actual output differs from capacity output. The dual economic capacity utilization measure captures the cost gap when actual output differs from capacity (short-run optimal) output.

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X2250E/x2250e0d.htm

The paper examines the impact of economic policy on economic capacity utilization (CU) in Indian manufacturing sector over 1974-1998.

The paper finds that conventional installed capacity utilization measures underestimate the true economic utilization levels. It finds that the Indian manufacturing sector experienced a cyclical pattern of economic capacity utilization over the period of study

http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC11009.htm

Auslastung. (Capacity Utilization). Total produziert / Total Kapazität. Bei 80% Auslastung sind die durchschnittlichen Produktionskosten pro Stück am tiefsten.

http://www.swissbusinesschallenge.ch/body_tipps_marktbericht...